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        <!-- 9.1 管理基础 -->
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                    <span>9.1 管理基础</span>
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            <div id="section9_1" class="hidden content-scrollable">
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                        <span>产品范围和项目范围</span>
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                            <li>产品范围：特征和功能，根据产品需求衡量</li>
                            <li>项目范围：包含产品范围，根据管理计划衡量</li>
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                        <span>管理新实践</span>
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                            <li>新的管理实践内容待补充</li>
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        <!-- 9.2 项目范围管理过程 -->
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                    <span>9.2 项目范围管理过程</span>
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                        <span>过程概述</span>
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                            <li>规划范围管理</li>
                            <li>收集需求</li>
                            <li>定义范围</li>
                            <li>创建WBS</li>
                            <li>确认范围</li>
                            <li>控制范围</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>裁剪考虑因素</span>
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                            <li>裁剪考虑因素内容待补充</li>
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                        <span>敏捷与适应方法</span>
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                            <li>需求不断变化、风险大或不确定性高的项目，项目开始时通常无法明确项目范围，需要在项目期间逐渐明确</li>
                            <li>敏捷或适应型方法在项目早期缩短定义和协商范围的时间，为后续细化范围、明确范围争取更多的时间</li>
                            <li>敏捷方法构建和审查原型，并通过多次发布版本来明确需求，范围会在整个项目期间被定义和再定义</li>
                            <li>采用敏捷或适应型生命周期，旨在应对大量变更，需要干系人持续参与项目。将整体范围分解为一系列拟实现的需求和拟执行的工作，通过多次迭代来开发可交付成果，并在每次迭代开始时定义和批准详细的范围</li>
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        <!-- 9.3 规划范围管理 -->
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                    <span>9.3 规划范围管理</span>
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                        <span>输入</span>
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                            <li>项目章程</li>
                            <li>项目管理计划（质量管理计划、生命周期描述、开发方法）</li>
                            <li>事业环境因素</li>
                            <li>组织过程资产</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>工具与技术</span>
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                            <li>专家判断</li>
                            <li>数据分析（备选方案分析）</li>
                            <li>会议</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>输出</span>
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                            <li>范围管理计划</li>
                            <li>需求管理计划</li>
                        </ul>
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        <!-- 9.4 收集需求 -->
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                    <span>9.4 收集需求</span>
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                        <span>输入</span>
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                            <li>立项管理文件</li>
                            <li>项目章程</li>
                            <li>项目管理计划（范围管理计划、需求管理计划、干系人参与计划）</li>
                            <li>项目文件（假设日志、干系人登记册、经验教训登记册）</li>
                            <li>协议</li>
                            <li>事业环境因素</li>
                            <li>组织过程资产</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>工具与技术</span>
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                            <li>数据收集（头脑风暴、访谈、焦点小组、问卷调查、标杆对照）</li>
                            <li>数据分析（文件分析）</li>
                            <li>决策（投票、独裁型决策制定、多标准决策分析）</li>
                            <li>数据表现（亲和图、思维导图）</li>
                            <li>人际关系与团队技能（名义小组技术、观察和交谈、引导）</li>
                            <li>系统交互图</li>
                            <li>原型法（故事板）</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>输出</span>
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                <div id="subsection9_4_3" class="hidden">
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                            <li>需求文件</li>
                            <li>需求跟踪矩阵</li>
                        </ul>
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        <!-- 9.5 定义范围 -->
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                    <span>9.5 定义范围</span>
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                        <span>输入</span>
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                        <ul>
                            <li>项目章程</li>
                            <li>项目管理计划（范围管理计划）</li>
                            <li>项目文件（假设日志、需求文件、风险登记册）</li>
                            <li>事业环境因素</li>
                            <li>组织过程资产</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection9_5_2">
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                        <span>工具与技术</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
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                <div id="subsection9_5_2" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode">
                        <ul>
                            <li>专家判断</li>
                            <li>数据分析（备选方案分析）</li>
                            <li>决策（多标准决策分析）</li>
                            <li>人际关系与团队技能（引导）</li>
                            <li>产品分析（产品分解、需求分析、系统分析、价值分析）</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
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                        <span>输出</span>
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                            <li>项目范围说明书</li>
                            <li>项目文件（更新）（假设日志、需求文件、需求跟踪矩阵、干系人登记册）</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

        <!-- 9.6 创建WBS -->
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                    <span>9.6 创建WBS</span>
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                        <span>输入</span>
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                <div id="subsection9_6_1" class="hidden">
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                        <ul>
                            <li>项目管理计划（范围管理计划）</li>
                            <li>项目文件（需求文件、项目范围说明书）</li>
                            <li>事业环境因素</li>
                            <li>组织过程资产</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection9_6_2">
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                        <span>工具与技术</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
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                            <li>分解技术：
                                <ul>
                                    <li>识别可交付成果</li>
                                    <li>确定WBS结构</li>
                                    <li>分配标识编码</li>
                                </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>WBS结构类型（树型/表格）</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>输出</span>
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                            <li>范围基准</li>
                            <li>WBS</li>
                            <li>工作包</li>
                            <li>规划包</li>
                            <li>控制账户</li>
                            <li>WBS词典</li>
                            <li>项目文件（更新）（假设日志、需求文件）</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
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        <!-- 9.7 确认范围 -->
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                    <span>9.7 确认范围</span>
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                        <span>作用</span>
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                            <li>使验收过程具有客观性</li>
                            <li>提高最终产品、服务或成果获得验收的可能性</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>过程</span>
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                            <li>定期开展</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>概述</span>
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                            <li>确认步骤：
                                <ul>
                                    <li>确定验收时间</li>
                                    <li>识别验收投入</li>
                                    <li>组织确认会议</li>
                                </ul>
                            </li>
                            <li>与控制质量的关系</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>输入</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
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                <div id="subsection9_7_4" class="hidden">
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                        <ul>
                            <li>项目管理计划（范围管理计划、需求管理计划、范围基准）</li>
                            <li>项目文件（需求文件、需求跟踪矩阵、质量报告、经验教训登记册）</li>
                            <li>工作绩效数据</li>
                            <li>核实的可交付成果</li>
                        </ul>
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                </div>
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection9_7_5">
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                        <span>工具与技术</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
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                            <li>检查</li>
                            <li>决策（投票）</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>输出</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
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                        <ul>
                            <li>验收的可交付成果</li>
                            <li>变更请求</li>
                            <li>工作绩效信息</li>
                            <li>项目文件（更新）（需求文件、需求跟踪矩阵、经验教训登记册）</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

        <!-- 9.8 控制范围 -->
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                    <span>9.8 控制范围</span>
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                        <span>作用</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
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                <div id="subsection9_8_1" class="hidden">
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                            <li>在整个项目期间保持对范围基准的维护</li>
                        </ul>
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                        <span>过程</span>
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                        <ul>
                            <li>贯穿整个项目期间</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
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                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection9_8_3">
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                        <span>输入</span>
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                <div id="subsection9_8_3" class="hidden">
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                        <ul>
                            <li>项目管理计划（范围管理计划、需求管理计划、变更管理计划、配置管理计划、范围基准、绩效测量基准）</li>
                            <li>项目文件（需求文件、需求跟踪矩阵、经验教训登记册）</li>
                            <li>工作绩效数据</li>
                            <li>组织过程资产</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection9_8_4">
                    <div class="subnode-content">
                        <span>工具与技术</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection9_8_4" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode">
                        <ul>
                            <li>数据分析（偏差分析、趋势分析）</li>
                        </ul>
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                </div>
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection9_8_5">
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                        <span>输出</span>
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                    <div class="subsubnode">
                        <ul>
                            <li>工作绩效信息</li>
                            <li>变更请求</li>
                            <li>项目管理计划（更新）（范围管理计划、范围基准、进度基准、成本基准、绩效测量基准）</li>
                            <li>项目文件（更新）（需求文件、需求跟踪矩阵、经验教训登记册）</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

        <!-- 对比 -->
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                    <span>对比</span>
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                        <span>项目范围与产品范围</span>
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                            <li>项目范围完成情况根据项目管理计划衡量</li>
                            <li>产品范围完成情况根据产品描述衡量</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection9_9_2">
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                        <span>确认范围与核实产品</span>
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                <div id="subsection9_9_2" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode">
                        <ul>
                            <li>核实产品关注产品完整性，在项目结束时由发起人或客户验证</li>
                            <li>确认范围关注项目可交付成果验收，由客户或发起人在阶段末确认</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection9_9_3">
                    <div class="subnode-content">
                        <span>确认范围与质量控制</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection9_9_3" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode">
                        <ul>
                            <li>确认范围强调可交付成果获得客户或发起人接受</li>
                            <li>质量控制强调可交付成果的正确性及符合质量要求</li>
                            <li>质量控制通常在确认范围前进行，也可同时进行</li>
                            <li>质量控制属内部检查，由执行组织的质量部门实施；确认范围由外部干系人检查验收</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection9_9_4">
                    <div class="subnode-content">
                        <span>确认范围与项目收尾</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection9_9_4" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode">
                        <ul>
                            <li>确认范围强调核实与接受可交付成果，项目收尾强调结束项目所要做的流程性工作</li>
                            <li>确认范围与项目收尾都有验收工作，前者验收可交付成果，后者验收产品</li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
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